Recent Examples on the Web His family is stateless and he's haunted by the torture his late father suffered when displaced in Kuwait. It refers to the relationship between the dominant group, which identifies with national identity and is more supported by the countrys political, social and economic systems, and less powerful communities whose interests are not as well-served by them. The national identity in that case is formed based on a recent institution, rather than one which organically developed over a long period of time. Stateless nations either are dispersed across a number of states (for example, the Yakthung Limbu People residing in east of Nepal, includes (Sikkim and Darjeeling) India and north-western part of Bangladesh as the Yakthung Limbuwan nation[9] and Yoruba people are found in the African states of Nigeria, Benin and Togo) or form the native population of a province within a larger state (such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People's Republic of China). Palestinians are currently members of a stateless nation, although the sovereignty of Palestine has been recognized by 135 member countries of the U.N. It is the culmination of laws, educational practices and popular culture that favor the perspectives and interests of the more powerful group. Is the Two State Solution Dead? Examples of stateless nations: The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. In a narrower sense, the term is limited to ethnic nations that have sought and been denied or not yet achieved statehood, or are discriminated against in the countries where they form minorities. Upload unlimited documents and save them online. The examples are too numerous to list. The importance of national consciousness, government based on national identity, and individual citizenship, has a historical explanation related to power struggles in Europe. Some 20 million Kurds live in Turkey. The map of the Middle East is diverse already with Arabic, Hebrew, Turkish and Persian linguistically defining the political borders not the monolithic image most people have of the Middle East as a location exclusively Arabic-speaking place. Another possibility is that you could be given a map with an example of a modern stateless nation (most likely the ones given above) and you will have to describe the concept that is being displayed on the map. Limited recognition by their country's government, but second-class status. Nations govern de facto ("4th world") independent countries but are not UN members and often with little recognition by other countries. 2) to understand issues of inequity and power imbalances. For a more detailed explanation, see: Sensoy & Diangelo (2012). Buffer State States that are allowed to exist by neighboring states (to help relieve tension between the neighboring states). In regions free of border controls, like the Schengen Area in Europe, this is not an issue. In the Middle East the history of national consciousness differs a great deal from that of Europe. They believe because they have a distinct culture, language, religion (or sect thereof) and have occupied a certain region of land for centuries, they are entitled to that particular piece of land. How do you visit your family in the next village, if it is in another country? The few "stateless" ethnic groups that exceed that figure - African Americans in the United States, for example, or the Tamils in India - make no widespread demands for independence. There are 193 member states in the United Nations, but only around 20 are, strictly speaking, nation-states, meaning states (government + geographical territory) with a single ethnic nation inhabiting the territory. The key aspect to be aware of is that the identity of the most powerful group of the country which is usually also the majority group but not always doesnt represent the entire population. [16][17][18][19] Some of these minority groups campaigned for self-determination. According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the world is host to 12 million people who don't officially belong to any state. Which of the following refers to the most disadvantaged situations for stateless nations? You see, the independence treaty you signed was ripped up. Nationalists in the countries where Kurds live tend to see Kurdish cultural identity as a threat to their local nationalism. It is important to understand the dynamics of national identity for two main reasons: 1) to understand the immense cultural diversity of the Middle East. The Kutupalong refugee camp in Bangladesh is the largest of its kind in the world, home to more than 600,000 Rohingya Muslim refugees from neighboring Myanmar (formerly Burma). The U.S. and Post-Bandung Imperial Dominance, Part 9. Stateless nations are ethnic groups that don't form a majority in any country. The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. Economic distress As elsewhere, in the refugee settlements in South Asia, the risks of contracting COVID-19 have much to do with employment and economic status, and For example, Arab-majority countries of the Middle East all share Arab identity, language and heritage, although they have very different national identities. The meeting lasted more than two hours and focused on enhancing the cooperation between the two nations in a regional and European level. By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. Sign up to highlight and take notes. 5. Refugees, hidden, and dispossession of homeland. Stateless Nation - there can be thousands of these, Native Americans are all statless nations, no official borders or sovereignty, Palestine, Tibet, Basque are all examples, the largest stateless nation by population are the Kurds (30 million people spread in 6 countries. For the FRQs, you are not likely to be explicitly asked about one. Essentially, it refers to a people without a state. Nation-states describe a state comprised of a population with over 90 percent of a particular culture. - Another important reason is the emergence of new states and changes in borders. [2] The term "stateless" implies that the group "should have" such a state (country). The U.S. and Post-Bandung Imperial Dominance, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) was established in 1948 to aid Palestinian refugees who had lost their homes and livelihoods in the Arab-Israeli wars. The term State of Palestine is only used officially by Sweden. Minoritize is a verb used in the social sciences to critically describe the processes which create inequity between groups in a given country. 2) to understand issues of inequity and power imbalances. For a more detailed explanation, see: Sensoy & Diangelo (2012). See the UNPO Unrepresented Nations & Peoples Organisation. Nation-state: A state in which the cultural borders of a nation correspond with the state borders of a country (e.g. By 2019, more than 730,000 Rohingya fled the Rakhine state in Myanmar to escape brutal persecution, including the raiding and burning of entire villages. As such, the term expresses irredentism. The key aspect to be aware of is that the identity of the most powerful group of the country which is usually also the majority group but not always doesnt represent the entire population. This has led to plenty of attacks and violence throughout Spanish cities. Nation-state: A state in which the cultural borders of a nation correspond with the state borders of a country (e.g. The Roma lived in relative peace in the former Yugoslavia, but when the communist country broke up in the 1990s, hundreds of thousands of Roma were displaced by armed conflicts in Balkan states like Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo. After Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, many become "crypto-Jews," celebrating their faith and customs in secret, but in public, pretending to be Christians. Fig. Whereas the Western European nation-states are at present relinquishing some of their powers to the European Union, many of the former colonies are now the zealous defenders of the concept of national-statehood. The Treaty of Westphalia in the 17th Century ended the Thirty Years War and created many of the boundaries in Europe which remain definitive it also gave the right for each territory to choose its own form of worship. Christian Sects in the Middle East, Part 14. The United Nations called the Rohingya "the most persecuted minority in the world.". I believe that statelessness was codified in the UN charter of 1954, then expanded in 1961. One example of a multistate nation is the Kurds. Examples of stateless nations: The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. Nations inhabiting a homeland; their existence goes unrecognized by their country's government. This is a list of societies that have been described as examples of stateless societies. In extreme cases, they are targets of violence and human trafficking. Other examples include many indigenous peoples that have been manoeuvred into minority status in their home countries by colonial powers. American Unilateralism and the Middle East, Part 17. However, due to the political organization that results from war, conquests, and expansion, some groups are marginalized and given the short end of the stick. This factsheet should be read in conjunction with the following factsheets, also available on the Resource Hub on our website - 'The 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons'; and Prayer, A Part of Daily Life for Muslims Around the World, Part 9. Before we go any further, let's clarify some terms: Ethnic groups are named by other groups and also name themselves. A concern of any country is how to stay sovereign in the face of forces that may divide its citizens. It also cited food Israeli-Palestinian Conflict in the 21st Century. Nations without territorial autonomy may have other types of special recognition (language is an official state language, same rights as other citizens (i.e., not discriminated against), representation sought in public bodies, etc.). Boundaries In his thought-provoking "A nationless state? They resent the fact that they are not recognized and given political control over the land that they believe rightfully belongs to them. Without citizenship, stateless people have no legal protection and no right to vote, and they often lack access to education, employment, health care, registration of birth, marriage or death, and property rights. However, within those political boundaries, there is even more diversity to be grappled with, and understood. An example of a stateless nation is the Kurds. There were always concepts of cultural community, somewhat synonymous with nation, or people, but national identities were not defined by a particular state. The Jews were a stateless nation until 1948 when they declared Israel a state, and immediately gained recognition from the U.S., followed by the rest of . In this article, we will discuss what a stateless nation is, look at examples of stateless nations, explain why its important in having a comprehensive understanding of geography, and how to understand it in the context of the AP Human Geography exam. Keys to Understanding the Middle East by Stephen C Cory, Alam Payind and Melinda McClimans is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. 3) to acknowledge that many of the conflicts of the Middle East arebetter understood with an accountingof national identity issues. As you can see, despite the fact that the concept of stateless nations is relatively not as important as compared to other concepts in geographic studies, it is a major key to understanding why the world is the way it is right now. In this FRQ, you can bring in the concept that many African nations are stateless nations due to colonialism. Stateless nations are members of multinational states and guaranteed limited sovereignty; officially recognized by the government(s) of the country or countries in which they reside. Regarding the free response question (FRQ), you will most likely not be directly asked a question involving stateless nations explicitly. For example, the case of some 300,000 Urdu-speakers (sometimes referred to as Biharis) was resolved in Bangladesh in 2008. In Myanmar, they suffer from a long-running genocide and are denied citizenship. Contents Kurds Rohingya Palestinians Roma Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks.com article: Dave Roos There are numerous Kurdish, Arab, Azeri, Assyrian, Jewish, Iranians, among others, and each may be speakers of a different language, and/or adherents to a different religious tradition. Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. This is considered insulting or worse. Without legal rights as citizens, the Rohingya are subject to discriminatory and unjust policies that restrict their movement, confiscate their land and severely limit their access to health care, education and employment. A stateless nation is an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state [1] and is not the majority population in any nation state. By most calculations, it is the Kurds. The Kurds are the largest stateless nation. Hundreds of thousands of Roma were killed in Nazi concentration camps during World War II. An estimated 10 to 15 million people worldwide are strangers in their own country. The "Pame" of Mexico, who were targets of discrimination, consider the name insulting and prefer to be called Xi'ui. But even though the Kurdish people have laid claim to this contiguous territory for centuries, they have no recognized nation of their own. Have their own Parliaments in Norway, Sweden & Finland but Sami groups seek more territorial autonomy. Simulate how different MCQ and FRQ scores translate into AP scores. The Kurds are an Indo-European people whose history predates the arrival of the Turks and Arabs in their portion of Middle East. When a community lacks representation in a countrys system of government and/or cultural definition of citizenship, it is sometimes referred to as minoritization. Minoritize is a verb used in the social sciences to critically describe the process which creates inequity between groups in a given country (see Key Concept below). They are quite common throughout the world and consistently make major headlines. The Kurds are a nation without a state of their own. Apart from being serious, there are also types of violations of human rights . Examples of stateless nations: The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. Likewise, the word umma, which means community and is used by Muslims to refer to their global community, is also sometimes translated as nation. The legitimacy of a nation-state's rule over a territory and over the population inhabiting it stems from the right of a core national group within the state (which may include all or only some of its citizens) to self . Lerne mit deinen Freunden und bleibe auf dem richtigen Kurs mit deinen persnlichen Lernstatistiken. Seek self-determination from occupying powers. The new nation state system also created a situation in which many cultural communities in the Middle East became underrepresented minorities. For the sake of this discussion, however, it is important to know that various cultural communities, whether they called themselves qawm or umum (plural for umma), came to considerthemselves nations. Diverse Religious Identities of the Middle East, Part 4. We visit five prominent stateless nations to find out how they got that way. Historically occupied the independent, Gorkhaland is a proposed state in India demanded by the people of the, The Moro people of Muslim Mindanao has since been granted autonomy as the. Thus, qawmia is usually how the word nationalism is translated. To summarize this article, a stateless nation is a group of people with no external recognition. In terms of rights entitlements, the rights envisaged for stateless persons are nearly identical to those provided to refugees, but lower than had been proposed by the ILC. example, only 61.4% of applications from Gaza were approved, meaning that patients had to go through the bureaucratic procedure of reapplication.10 Out of the 604 permit applications submitted for people injured during the GMR, only 17% were approved; 28% were rejected, and 55% did not receive an an-swer in time for the medical appointment. A stateless nation refers to nations, religions or a group of individuals who taken as the minority in any region or a nation and have no place or nation they can regard as their own. To take an example from Arabic speaking communities of the Middle East. Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. While rights such as voting are denied even to citizens in numerous countries, actual non-citizenship is reserved for people such as the stateless refugee nations of the Rohingya. Can also help with understanding the cultural/ethnic proximity with other people of that paternal language group, but not necessarily. A total of 5.5 million Palestinians are registered with the UNRWA and since Palestine is still not its own country, those 5.5 million are widely considered to be stateless. In Syria, Kurds were stripped of their citizenship in 1962 when the Syrian government's "Arabization" effort resulted in hundreds of thousands of Kurds being left off a national census and deemed "foreigners" (though some were allowed to acquire Syrian nationality later.) Check out our other articles on APHuman Geography. Minoritize is a verb used in the social sciences to critically describe the processes which create inequity between groups in a given country. States made bold under the "homeland" column are countries of the respective ethnic groups which are native to them and still host the majority (more than half) of their population. Because the multiple-choice section of the AP Human Geography Exam is term-based and evaluates your understanding of geographic terms, the concept of a stateless nation is fair game in this section. Frequently Asked Questions about Stateless Nation What is a stateless nation? example children with disabilities are 42% less likely to have foundational reading and numeracy skills . Best study tips and tricks for your exams. In Iraq, 300,000 Kurds were stripped of their citizenship in 1980 for alleged disloyalty to Saddam Hussein. Countries such as Australia and Canada have similar systems. Each year, the UNHCR Nansen Refugee Award recognizes several individuals, groups or organizations that have shown exceptional dedication in protecting and assisting refugees, internally displaced or stateless people. Many of the nation states of the Middle East formed their national consciousness after the establishment of their state, however. Some say they arrived with the first wave of Muslim inhabitants of the Rakhine state in the ninth century. Many nations were not always subject to the laws of a state. [15] During decolonization, the colonial powers imposed a unified state structure irrespective of the ethnic differences and granted independence to their colonies as a multinational state. This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 02:32. It's unclear how long the Rohingya have lived in Myanmar. Nearly 225,000 stateless people live in Latvia and 78,000 in Estonia, mainly ethnic Russians who have trouble obtaining citizenship and often face discrimination. What countries have stateless people? The U.N. Nation States and Stateless Nations, Part 8. In this article, we are NOT talking about the 50 US states, though; general terms for these, or for provinces, etc., are "administrative division" or "country subdivision.". The Mystical Tradition of Sufism, or Tasawwuf, Part 11. Fig. Likewise, the word umma, which means community and is used by Muslims to refer to their global community, is also sometimes translated as nation. They are thus called stateless nations. A nation, or a people, is usually referred to asqawm in Arabic. At the same time, many of those did not possess a state of their own, and some continue to be without a state. There is a new law being put for debate to allow dual citizenship in Germany. In the Middle East the history of national consciousness differs a great deal from that of Europe. Neighboring countries that otherwise impose border controls sometimes allow the people of transborder nations to cross back and forth across a shared border without doing this or with an expedited process. There is no universally accepted definition of what constitutes a state, [1] or to what extent a stateless group must be independent of the de jure or de facto control of states so as to be considered a society by itself. 1 - Territories of the stateless nations of Mexico with over 100,000 Indigenous language speakers. Various cultural communities came to consider themselves nations and were also able to establish a modern nation-state based on that identity. Examples: Japan, Iceland, Denmark, and France. Not all of the trapped players were Thai, though. 3 - Kurdistan ("Kurdish-inhabited area") in the 1990s. There are plenty of stateless nations in the world today. C. has established a free-trade zone over much of Western Europe. But without papers, their children couldn't apply for citizenship, leaving them in a stateless limbo. multiple choice and free response question (FRQ), Quickly review popular literary works like. Stateless nation: A nation of people without a state that it considers home (e.g., Kurds, Basques, Palestinians, the Hmong). It is important to understand the dynamics of national identity for two main reasons: 1) to understand the immense cultural diversity of the Middle East. [92], This article is about a nation lacking a nation state. What Are the Consequences That Stateless People Encounter? Print media played a critical role in the formation of national consciousness as a form of group belonging: reading literature in ones own vernacular had a powerful effect (Anderson, 2006). Download full paper File format: .doc, available for editing. Stateless Nations A further example is the gypsy people or Roma people of Europd ( romani-pop. Modernization Versus Westernization, Part 7. (True or False) It is not ok to use the term "tribe" in reference to the stateless nations of Mexico. National identity is therefore a complicated topic in the context of the Middle East. Over 90% of the 3,000 or so ethnic nations in the world are technically stateless under this definition. Probably not, nation states themselves were still a pretty new concept 200 years ago. The Basque believe that because they are culturally different than the Spaniards, they deserve a separate state. A stateless nation is an ethnic group that does not form a majority in the country or countries where its homeland is located. Stateless nations are either dispersed across a number of states (for example, the Kurdish people are found in Iraq, Turkey, Iran, Armenia and Syria), or they form the native population of a province within a larger state (such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People's Republic of China). Nations inhabiting a country but deprived of all land. Other Religions: Yazidis and Mandaeans, Part 1. Unification of the Lezgin people in Azerbaijan and, partially controlled by the self-proclaimed. So, now that you know the definitions of a nation and a state, you can deduce that a stateless nation is a group of people with a common culture occupying a particular territory that does not operate as an independent political unit with a defined, permanently populated territory and has no sovereign control over its internal and foreign affairs. Chuck Holton has spent two decades reporting on wars and disasters in more than 100 countries. The Tamil Genocide by Sri Lanka: The Global Failure to Protect Tamil Rights Under International Law, Francis Boyle, chapter self determination. Stateless nations are usually not represented in international sports or in international organisations such as the United Nations. Part 6. Keep reading to learn more about the terminology of a stateless nation, the significance, and more. Civic nationalism is. This made it difficult to impossible for them to establish citizenship in their new countries like Macedonia, Montenegro and Italy. Certain people do not exclusively feel part of their nation of origin. One result of this was a power struggle between secular forces, i.e., princes and local rulers, and the Church. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. Since no government recognizes them, they can't get a birth certificate, attend school, see a doctor, own property or get married. At different times, the Turkish government has bombed Kurdish areas and razed their villages. 26 febrero, 2023. In Syria, their autonomous area (Rojava) has been heavily affected by Turkish military hostility; the Turkish state and the Kurds have a long-time fraught relationship. There are also numerous Kurdish, Arab, Azeri, Assyrian, Jewish, Iranians, among others, and each may be speakers of a different language, and/or adherents to a different religious tradition. A nationless state or a stateless nation. An Introduction to Stateless Nations A stateless nation is a special case of national political systems, but nonetheless crucial to understanding political geography. Examples of such stateless nation are Scotland, Hawaii, Taiwan, Tibet, and Chiapas. Many, however, never established their own nation state. Are you a teacher or administrator interested in boosting AP Human Geography student outcomes? Due to the disastrous results of these contacts (e.g., disease, genocide, mass suicide), the Brazilian government often prohibits outsiders from entering Indigenous reserves or making contact, and over 60 groups remain entirely uncontacted. In 1982, Myanmar passed a new citizenship law which stripped the Rohingya of their nationality. Palestinians aren't a homogenous ethnic or religious group like the Kurds and the Rohingya. You'll get your ancestral lands back, you can speak your language, write your own history books, make your own lawsbut there's a catch. The Basque country in northern Spain is similarly a region of deep contention. There were always concepts of cultural community, somewhat synonymous with nation, or people, but national identities were not defined by a particular state. As a result, these multinational states have a plethora of internal strife, and many of the nations in modern African states have almost no control over their internal affairs. The Kurds have a long history of statelessness, dating back to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in the early 20th century. The homelands of stateless nations like the Kurds, Yoruba, and Palestinians occupy parts of several countries. It also touches upon the issues of inequity that national identity formation often creates. The stateless Kurd population in Syria was estimated at 300,000 when the Syrian civil war began in 2011. htm). The Kurdish people are probably the best-known (and largest) stateless nation, but you've probably also heard of other stateless groups, like the persecuted Rohingya in Myanmar and the Palestinians. For example, a child born in a foreign country can risk becoming stateless if that country does not permit nationality based on birth alone and if the country of origin does not allow a parent to pass on nationality to children born abroad.