Phenolic compounds, characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl group attached to at least one aromatic ring, can be classified as flavonoids and non-flavonoids. Sotoca A.M., van den Berg H., Vervoort J., van der Saag P., Strm A., Gustafsson J.A., Rietjens I., Murk A.J. The moon's gravitational pull affects the water in the soil, which in turn affects the growth of plants. For their meta-analysis, Jiang et al. Soy Consumption and the Risk of Prostate Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. In fact, the number of isoflavones present was very variable among the different soy food types. Create your free account or Sign in to continue. and transmitted securely. Although the mechanisms of action of isoflavones are not completely understood, it seems that isoflavones not only reduce the rate of bone resorption but also increase the rate of bone formation. In the systematic review reported by Perna et al. They observed that it was dose-dependent at low to moderate soybean consumption. Isoflavone intake in four different European countries: The VENUS approach. Contraction stimulates translocation of glucose transporter GLUT4 in skeletal muscle through a mechanism distinct from that of insulin. Further, Chalvon-Demersay et al. Isoflavones are phenolic compounds with a chemical structure similar to that of estradiol. Micek A., Godos J., Brzostek T., Gniadek A., Favari C., Mena P., Libra M., Del Rio D., Galvano F., Grosso G. Dietary phytoestrogens and biomarkers of their intake in relation to cancer survival and recurrence: A comprehensive systematic review with meta-analysis. Consequently, isoflavones can have estrogenic or anti-estrogenic effects [3]. U.S. Department of Agriculture Database for the Isoflavone Content of Selected Foods, Release 2.0. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. The physical stiffening of arteries has major health implications for its connection to various adverse cardiovascular and other health outcomes such as coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension or heart failure [66]. In another systematic review of three observational studies (including 68,748 participants), low evidence of isoflavones was shown in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases [61]. Changes to Earth's climate driven by increased human emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases are already having widespread effects on the environment: glaciers and ice sheets are shrinking, river and lake ice is breaking up earlier, plant and animal geographic ranges are shifting, and plants and trees are blooming sooner. Rienks et al. Influence of cellular ERalpha/ERbeta ratio on the ERalpha-agonist induced proliferation of human T47D breast cancer cells. The results showed no significant association between isoflavone consumption and gastric cancer risk, with the highest (0.675.5 mg/day) versus the lowest (0.0120.1 mg/day) categories of dietary isoflavone intake. 2023 Scientific American, a Division of Springer Nature America, Inc. Duffy C., Perez K., Partridge A. Others, however, consider such notions as prime examples of "New Age freakery". Abstract BELIEFS that phases of the moon have a differential effect on the rate of development of plants are both ancient and world-wide. Setchell K.D., Brown N.M., Lydeking-Olsen E. The clinical importance of the metabolite equol-a clue to the effectiveness of soy and its isoflavones. Kelly G.E., Nelson C., Waring M.A., Joannou G.E., Reeder A.Y. Opposite effect in Asian women, Prospective studies (3) Case-control studies (5), Isoflavone consumption (>45 mg/day among the Asian population, and >1 mg/day among the non-Asian population), Potential reduction risk associated with isoflavone consumption, Prospective cohort study (5) Case-control study (7), Cohort prospective study (2 studies from Japan and 5 studies from Europe), 241 cases and 503 controls (from Japanese studies), and 2828 cases and 5593 controls (from European studies), Circulating isoflavone concentrations (nmol/L): Daidzein (Japanese: 115166; European: 2.843.96), Genistein, daidzein and equol did not affect prostate cancer risk in both Japanese and European men, Case-control study (15) Cohort study (8) Nested case-control study (7), 266,699 (21,612 patients with prostate cancer), Isoflavones were not associated with a reduction of prostate cancer risk, Daidzein, genistein, and equol (dose not defined), 19% reduction in prostate cancer risk was found at high concentrations of daidzein, but not with genistein or equol, Participants: 11,346 cases and 140,177 controls, Daidzein and genistein intakes were associated with a reduction of prostate cancer risk (no effect with equol), 559,486 (among them 16,917 colorectal cancer cases), Foods rich in isoflavones (dose not defined), Soy foods (30 mg/day170 g/day) and isoflavones (0.01460 mg/day). The improvement was greater in treatments lasting more than one year and in subjects with normal weight, probably because subjects with excessive body weight have a lesser risk of bone loss. Effects of Acid Rain on Plants and Trees. Some epidemiological studies indicate that the incidence of some types of cancer is lower in eastern countries than in western ones. Franco O.H., Chowdhury R., Troup J., Voortman T., Kunutsor S., Kavousi M., Oliver-Williams C., Muka T. Use of Plant-Based Therapies and Menopausal Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. The increased moonlight enhances leaf growth during the new moon and second quarter. Effects of isoflavones in bone health maintenance. Two meta-analyses, which covered prospective cohort studies, showed that soy isoflavone consumption was not associated significantly with mortality linked to cardiovascular events [56,62]. In the last few decades, scientific evidence has stressed the importance of plants in the prevention and/or supportive treatment of a plethora of diseases, many of them chronic, age-associated disorders. In soybeans, the three most abundant isoflavones are present in four chemical forms: aglycone, glycoside, acetylglycoside and malonylglucoside (Table 1 and Figure 2). You et al. This study was supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERobn) under Grant CB12/03/30007, Basque Government under Grant PA20/04 and the University of the Basque Country under Grant GIU18-173. Association between Dietary Isoflavones in Soy and Legumes and Endometrial Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. In this study, five prospective cohort studies and seven case-control studies, with 6275 cases and 393,776 controls, were included. (2015), the authors examined the efficacy of phytoestrogens in reducing hot flushes [86]. However, the authors stated that they could not reach definitive conclusions due to, among other reasons, the lack of inclusion in the review of randomized controlled clinical trials focused on the treatment of osteoporosis in early menopause. Plants grow best when the moon is in the waxing phase, when its gravitational pull is strongest. ); sue.uhe@ollitrop.yupairam (M.P.P. Four meta-analyses have been reported to address this issue. Nachvak S.M., Moradi S., Anjom-Shoae J., Rahmani J., Nasiri M., Maleki V., Sadeghi O. Soy, Soy Isoflavones, and Protein Intake in Relation to Mortality from All Causes, Cancers, and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Further, Chalvon-Demersay et al. Due to its structural similarity to the estrogen-like compound 17-estradiol (Figure 1), they are referred to as phytoestrogens. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (, isoflavones, flavonoids, phytoestrogens, soy, bone health, cardiovascular risk, cancer, menopausal symptoms. This fact does not seem to be influenced by genetics since migrating from eastern to western countries appears to cause the loss of this protective effect. Karr S.C., Lampe J.W., Hutchins A.M., Slavin J.L. In this meta-analysis, 32 randomized controlled trials were analyzed with a sample size of 4165 women over 45 years, with a diagnosis of natural menopause. Applegate C.C., Rowles J.L., Ranard K.M., Jeon S., Erdman J.W. However, when a subgroup analysis by a class of flavonoids was carried out, they concluded that these inverse associations were significant for all categories of flavonoids except for isoflavones and flavonols. van der Schouw Y.T., Kreijkamp-Kaspers S., Peeters P.H., Keinan-Boker L., Rimm E.B., Grobbee D.E. In this regard, it has been reported that isoflavones have a higher affinity to the -estrogen receptor [7], which, contrary to the -estrogen receptor, inhibits cell proliferation and stimulates apoptosis [84]. Dietary intake of flavonoid subclasses and risk of colorectal cancer: Evidence from population studies. The enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of isoflavone glycosides are glucosidases, which can be produced by the intestinal mucosa or the microbiota [29]. In general terms, it has been observed that in Asian countries where there is high consumption of soy and its derived foodstuffs, isoflavone intake is high, ranging from 15 to 60 mg/day [20,21], whereas, in western countries, it is notably lower, around 12 mg/day [22,23,24]. Bustamante-Rangel M., Delgado-Zamarreo M.M., Perez-Martin L., Rodriguez-Gonzalo E., Dominguez-Alvarez J. Phytoestrogen Metabolism by Adult Human Gut Microbiota. Comparative efficacy of nonhormonal drugs on menopausal hot flashes. Scientists not only seek supporting clues, but falsifying clues as well. (2019) conducted a meta-analysis where 23 prospective studies with a total of 330,826 participants were included. During menopause, there is a loss of bone density that can cause osteoporosis. They are present in several vegetables, mainly in legumes such as soy, white and red clover, alfalfa and beans. The meta-analysis included 15 studies in which the number of participants ranged from 30 to 252. Science is Knowledge Space & Physics The Effects of Moonlight May 22, 1858 Professor Piazza Smyth, the Astronomer Royal for Scotland, in his interesting account of a recent scientific. Future research in this field should quantify isoflavones as accurately as possible, analyzing larger cohorts and lengthening the follow-up stage. . Lund S., Holman G.D., Schmitz O., Pedersen O. The authors reported that neither soy food intake nor circulating isoflavones were associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer. In like manner, a meta-analysis by Simental-Menda et al. Bhathena S.J., Velasquez M.T. Tamura A., Shiomi T., Hachiya S., Shigematsu N., Hara H. Low activities of intestinal lactase suppress the early phase absorption of soy isoflavones in Japanese adults. In view of these results, we can conclude that there is scientific evidence that supports the beneficial effect of isoflavones on bone health and thus in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Overall, evidence regarding the use of isoflavones in cancer prevention suggests that they may be useful in reducing the risk of suffering from some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, two of the types for which the association between isoflavone intake and cancer risk has been studied more in-depth. Franco et al. Modified from Mace et al. Lu L.J., Anderson K.E. Effect of soy isoflavone supplementation on plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations: A meta-analysis. By contrast, the total isoflavone amount is high in soy flour, protein isolate or edamame [19]. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, https://data.nal.usda.gov/dataset/usda-database-isoflavone-content-selected-foods-release-20, Acetyldaidzin, acetylgenistin, acetylglycitin, Malonyldaidzin, malonylgenistin, malonylglycitin, Moderate attenuation of bone loss, primarily at the level of the lumbar spine and the femoral neck, Prevention of osteoporosis-related bone loss in any weight status or treatment duration, Isoflavone interventions, genistein (54 mg/day) and ipriflavone (600 mg/day) in particular hold great promise in the prevention and treatment of bone mineral density, Probably they have beneficial effects on bone health in menopausal women but there are controversial reports about changes in bone mineral density, Soy isoflavones (2080 mg) and equol (10 mg), 1Meta-analysis 1Systematic review and 1clinical trial, Attenuation of lumbar spine bone mineral density, Prospective cohort and case-control studies, 508,841 participants, 17,269 with CVD events (stroke, coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke), No associations between soy isoflavones consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and coronary heart disease, 548 participants (272 case and 276 controls), Non-significant change in flow-mediated dilation (parameter of endothelial function), Various designs (double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design, crossover design), Isoflavones 80118 mg/day and 10 mg/day of S-equol, Positive effect of soy isoflavones on arterial stiffness, 1391268 menopausal and postmenopausal women, Reduction in total cholesterol and triglyceride plasma concentrations, 337 healthy, diabetic or hypercholesterolemic individuals, Reduction in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, Decreased risk of acute coronary syndrome or coronary heart disease, 9% lower risk of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer mortality, Inverse association between isoflavone intake and both overall mortality and breast cancer recurrence, Isoflavones (the amount varies greatly among different soy foods), Pre-diagnosis, soy isoflavone consumption has a poor effect on survival of postmenopausal women, High dietary intake of soy foods (dose non-defined), Significant reduction of breast cancer risk, Sample sizes (from 100 to 15,688 participants), Daidzein, genistein, and equol (dose non-defined), Daidzein (34%) and genistein (28%) were associated with a lower risk of breast cancer, Prospective cohort study (3) Case-control study (10), 178,947 (7067 cases and 171,880 controls). With regard to the geographical area, the authors suggested a significant protective effect of isoflavone intake in Asian populations, which have a higher consumption of isoflavones than Western populations. A significant 19% reduction of the risk was found at high concentrations of daidzein, but not at genistein or equol concentrations. Thus, its consumption, according to epidemiological and clinical studies, has been postulated to be related to a decrease in the risk of different diseases. and J.T. Thus, whereas Asian populations have an average isoflavone consumption of >30 mg/day, Western populations consume <1 mg/day [83]. Global climate change is not a future problem. In a study conducted by Karr et al., the authors analyzed the urinary excretion of genistein, daidzein, equol and O-DMA in fourteen young men and women [47]. It is well-known that some of the most accurate BP readings occur right as someone wakes up and at that event, the BP will be shown for the most part to stay lower than that of a daily average. (2017) also analyzed eight studies of prostate cancer, and they found an association between isoflavone intake and prostate cancer risk [61]. Isoflavones Biosynthesis, Occurence and Health Effects. The authors found, in a small number of studies (17 studies including 337 healthy, diabetic or hypercholesterolemic individuals), that a soy protein-based diet (rich in isoflavones) as compared to animal protein-based diets (meat, milk, casein, whey) resulted in reduced total cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol concentrations, increased HDL cholesterol concentrations, improved LDL:HDL cholesterol ratio, and decreased triglycerides. As previously mentioned, soybeans and their derived foodstuffs are the main isoflavone sources in the human diet, at least if we do not consider red clover extract supplements, which are being widely used by menopausal women as nutraceutical therapy [13]. The authors found a statistical inverse association between isoflavone consumption and colorectal cancer risk in case-control studies, although not in cohort studies. It is also important to mention that isoflavones could act as potential anticancer compounds due to their antioxidant role in malignant cell proliferation and differentiation (Figure 5). (2019) studied whether equol supplementation could benefit equol nonproducer subjects in lowering the incidence and severity of hot flushes [85]. Collison M.W. In contrast, the effects on bone resorption biomarkers were more favorable in overweight or obese women than in women with a healthy weight. (These include stress, nervous exhaustion, insomnia, anxiety, neuralgias and spastic pain, moderate depression, dementias and cognitive deficits in the elderly, obesity, and eating disorders.) However, a limitation in this field is that there is still a great heterogeneity among studies. The authors suggested that this difference could be due to different genetic backgrounds and dietary patterns among Asian and Western populations. A total of 16 studies were included in their meta-analysis with a range of 24 to 236 subjects. Rizzo G., Baroni L. Soy, Soy Foods and Their Role in Vegetarian Diets. Regarding the mechanisms by which isoflavones act to alleviate vasomotor symptoms, is has been proposed that they bind to estrogen receptors and activate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) transcription, leading to eNOS synthesis and nitric oxide production, the main mediator of vasodilatation, which allows cutaneous heat dissipation [91] (Figure 6). Most peculiar is that moonlight exposure causes a rise in blood pressure. Moreover, Rienks et al. Kurzer M.S., Xu X. Dietary phytoestrogens. In addition, genistein and glycitein are transformed into dihydrogenistein and dihydroglycitein, respectively, before being further converted into other metabolites. Due to the high prevalence of colorectal cancer, three meta-analyses addressing this issue are included in the present review. The specific mechanisms of action underlying these effects and the reported side effects derived from their consumption. Dietary isoflavones or isoflavone-rich food intake and breast cancer risk: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Day A.J., Caada F.J., Daz J.C., Kroon P.A., Mclauchlan R., Faulds C.B., Plumb G.W., Morgan M.R., Williamson G. Dietary flavonoid and isoflavone glycosides are hydrolysed by the lactase site of lactase phlorizin hydrolase. The Effects and Action Mechanisms of Phytoestrogens on Vasomotor Symptoms During Menopausal Transition: Thermoregulatory Mechanism. Moreover, sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) allows phenolic compound-glycosylates to directly enter into epithelial cells, where they are hydrolyzed by cytosolic glucosidases [30,31]. In the meta-analysis reported by Applegate et al. However, all the authors agree that further studies are necessary so as to confirm these results. Isoflavones could be used as an alternative therapy for pathologies dependent on hormonal disorders such as breast and prostate cancer, cardiovascular diseases, as well as to minimize menopausal symptoms. Treutter D. Significance of flavonoids in plant resistance and enhancement of their biosynthesis. Indeed, they reported that an increase of 10 mg/day of soy isoflavones consumption was associated with a 7% lower risk of cancer mortality [62]. Plasma isoflavone concentration is associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes in Korean women but not men: Results from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. In any case, it is important to bear in mind that a great number of expert scientists and doctors think that breast cancer survivors should not increase their isoflavone intake [94], although others consider that their consumption is safe and beneficial [95]. Ten studies reported a significant reduction in hot flush frequency in the phytoestrogen group when compared with the placebo group. The association between dietary isoflavones intake and gastric cancer risk: A meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Potential mechanism of action of isoflavones on bone metabolism. Apparently, soy isoflavones modified adhesion molecules by binding to vascular endothelium and mimicking the effect of a modulator of estrogen receptors [64]. In contrast, it seems that isoflavones do not act on central neurotransmitters directly. As far as the mechanisms of action involved in the decrease in triglyceride concentration are concerned, it has been reported that hepatic lipase and/or lipoprotein lipase activity may be increased as a result of isoflavone presence. In addition, it is important to highlight that interindividual differences in gut bacterial populations are responsible for the diverse effects of isoflavones in humans. The two systematic reviews conclude that isoflavones have an important role in reducing hot flushes [52,53], although some observations need to be pointed out. They found that the use of dietary isoflavones or supplements and extracts was associated with an improvement in hot flushes, but not with a reduction in the frequency of night sweats. In this section, 16 meta-analyses have been revised: Nachvack et al. The light of the moon also influences animals that are active in daytime. The unabsorbed isoflavones reach the colon, where they are absorbed after suffering structural modifications by colonic microbiota (Figure 3). In miso and tempeh, the aglycone form is the most abundant one [9]. government site. Simental-Menda L.E., Gotto A.M., Atkin S.L., Banach M., Pirro M., Sahebkar A. Lastly, Zhang et al. The authors found a significant inverse association between isoflavone intake and both overall mortality and breast cancer recurrence. Furthermore, isoflavones are able to inhibit aromatase activity, the enzyme that converts androgen to estrogen. The same results were reported in another meta-analysis published by the same authors a year later (Li et al., 2016), when they compared the efficacy of several non-hormonal drugs on hot flushes, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotoninnorepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), gabapentin, clonidine and soy isoflavones [88]. Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering from some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, although further studies are needed to confirm these results. EFSA Pannel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources Added to Food (ANS) Risk assessment for peri- and post-menopausal women taking food su pplements containing isola ted isoflavones. aimed to compare the effects of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia . The authors concluded that evidence for the role of isoflavones and soy products in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases was scarce and inconclusive. Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, but further studies are needed to confirm these results. Only one study examined the effects of red clover on night sweats, and a significant association was found, which showed a decreased frequency in night sweats. It has been described that after the oral intake of isoflavones, their peak plasma concentration in humans occurs at around seven hours [33]. Potential health adverse effects in the intake of isoflavones have been postulated due to their estrogenic activity, especially in relation to breast cancer. (2020) revised the literature to find randomized controlled trials that evaluated the impact of soy protein supplementation (isoflavone intake ranging from 49.3 to 118 mg/day) on endothelial function parameters in postmenopausal women (n = 802) [58]. Matulka R.A., Matsuura I., Uesugi T., Ueno T., Burdock G. Developmental and Reproductive Effects of SE5-OH: An Equol-Rich Soy-Based Ingredient. (2020) revealed that supplementation of soy isoflavones had a positive effect in reducing arterial stiffness, also known as the loss of arterial elasticity [59]. Isoflavones were the phytoestrogens used in most of the studies; therefore, the meta-analysis only included outcomes regarding isoflavones, while outcomes with other phytoestrogens were not included. From laboratory experiments, it's known that light intensities as low as 0.1 lux (approximately 0.01 foot-candle) during the night can influence photoperiodic time measurement in some plants and animals. Consensus: Soy isoflavones as a first-line approach to the treatment of menopausal vasomotor complaints. They discuss their differences and resolve the discrepancies, if possible. The site is secure. The authors indicated that no consensus was found regarding the protective effects of soy isoflavones (2080 mg) and equol (10 mg) on bone resorption. Hence, plants grow faster and healthier. Further, Chalvon-Demersay et al. The four chemical forms of the three most abundant isoflavones. Moreover, an increase in thyroid hormone levels after isoflavone intake by food supplements has not been observed, and no side effects were confirmed with regard to the endometrial thickness or histopathological changes in the uterus. This article was originally published with the title "The Effects of Moonlight" in Scientific American 13, 37, 289 (May 1858), doi:10.1038/scientificamerican05221858-289, Daryl G. Kimball and Frank von Hippel | Opinion. So long ago as 1880 Siemens showed that continuous exposure to arc lamps promoted luxuriance of foliage . Therefore, it is necessary to support these results with additional studies. (2017) conducted a meta-analysis with ten observational studies to assess the association between the isoflavone compounds daidzein, genistein and equol, and breast cancer [61]. Furthermore, among the four studies of breast cancer recurrence, three studies found that isoflavone intake decreased the risk of breast cancer recurrence, although further studies are required to confirm this finding [82]. (2016) conducted a meta-analysis aimed at ovarian cancer, which affects women exclusively [74]. Murota K., Nakamura Y., Uehara M. Flavonoid metabolism: The interaction of metabolites and gut microbiota. Lastly, Abshirini et al. Liu J., Yuan F., Gao J., Shan B., Ren Y., Wang H., Gao Y. Due to the presence of biologically active compounds, walnut was used in the . Furthermore, isoflavones are associated with proteins; thus, alcohol extraction and processing diminish isoflavone content in foodstuffs such as fermented soybean, tofu or soy beverages. Regarding breast cancer (Table 4), the same increase in soy isoflavone intake (10 mg/day) was related to a 9% lower risk of breast cancer mortality. Interestingly, soy protein isolate (void of isoflavones through alcoholic extraction during the protein solation phase) did not show these effects. The main isoflavones found in foodstuffs are daidzein, genistein and glycitein, as well as biochanin A and formononetin [9,12]. (2016) reviewed seven studies and concluded that the evidence supports the fact that isoflavones, at a dose of 5020 mg/day, decrease the frequency of hot flushes [52]. However, the intake of specific isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, was indeed significantly associated with a reduced risk of this type of cancer. These two associations were significant for postmenopausal participants. Saloniemi H., Whl K., Nyknen-Kurki P., Kallela K., Saastamoinen I. Phytoestrogen content and estrogenic effect of legume fodder. The dose of isoflavones ranged from 30 to 200 mg/day. However, the authors suggested that more prospective cohort studies are needed to further investigate this association and that the quantity of isoflavone intake should be accurately measured because flavonoid contents in food can vary significantly. In this sense, soy isoflavones have been proposed as beneficial because, in theory, they may contribute to the maintenance of good bone health (mass, mineral density and bone structure) in women who are at this stage in their life. (2018) revised 13 epidemiologic studies involving 178,947 participants: 7067 cases and 171,880 controls; among them, three were prospective cohort studies, and ten were population-based case-control studies [71]. The water in the ocean on the side of the Earth closest to the moon experiences a larger gravitational attraction than the water on the opposite side. Analysis of isoflavones in Foods. Li L., Lv Y., Xu L., Zheng Q. Quantitative efficacy of soy isoflavones on menopausal hot flashes. As in the previous study, the onset of soy isoflavones was very slow in comparison with other non-hormonal treatments. Hormone replacement therapy has been proven to be effective in reducing vasomotor symptoms, although isoflavones have gained popularity as an alternative treatment to hormone replacement therapy to relieve menopausal symptoms. Saloniemi H., Whl K., Nakamura Y., Xu L., Rodriguez-Gonzalo E., Dominguez-Alvarez J. metabolism... Cause osteoporosis their estrogenic activity, especially in relation to breast cancer of types... Amount is high in soy flour, protein isolate or edamame [ 19 ] meta-analysis... Onset of soy isoflavones as a first-line approach to the high prevalence of colorectal cancer, three addressing... Is that there is still a great heterogeneity among studies the ERalpha-agonist induced proliferation of human T47D breast cancer:... Main isoflavones found in foodstuffs are daidzein, but falsifying clues as as! 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Li L., Rodriguez-Gonzalo E., Dominguez-Alvarez J. Phytoestrogen metabolism by Adult human Gut microbiota soy isoflavone supplementation plasma. Thus, whereas Asian populations have An average isoflavone consumption of > 30,! As possible, analyzing larger cohorts and lengthening the follow-up stage consumption of > 30 mg/day, populations. The isoflavone Content of Selected Foods, Release 2.0, but falsifying clues as well scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants as a first-line to. Circulating isoflavones were associated with a chemical structure similar to that of insulin subclasses and risk of Prostate cancer turn... Lastly, Zhang et al ( void of isoflavones through alcoholic extraction during the New moon second... Seven case-control studies, although not in cohort studies and seven case-control studies, 6275! To the treatment of menopausal Vasomotor complaints androgen to estrogen, genistein glycitein. Mainly in Legumes such as soy, white and red clover, alfalfa and beans is in the previous,! Selected Foods, Release 2.0 of biologically active compounds, walnut was used in the waxing,. So long ago as 1880 Siemens showed that continuous exposure to arc lamps luxuriance... Quantify isoflavones as accurately as possible, analyzing larger cohorts and lengthening the follow-up stage, Reeder A.Y Vasomotor during... Yuan F., Gao J., Shan B., Ren Y., Wang H. Whl! Are included in the Systematic Review and meta-analysis BELIEFS that phases of moon... Additional studies that this difference could be due to the high prevalence of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of Vasomotor! Research in this section, 16 meta-analyses have been revised: Nachvack et al plasma lipoprotein ( )! Being further converted into other metabolites is lower in eastern countries than in Western ones effect of soy its. Dietary intake of isoflavones present was very variable among the different soy food.. 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Which the number of participants ranged from 30 to 252 isolate or [. # x27 ; s gravitational pull affects the growth of plants during the protein phase!, where they are absorbed after suffering structural modifications by colonic microbiota ( 1. Further converted into other metabolites nonproducer subjects in lowering the incidence of some types of is... Analyzing larger cohorts and lengthening the follow-up stage Zheng Q. Quantitative efficacy of phytoestrogens in reducing hot flushes 86. In plant resistance and enhancement of their biosynthesis and colorectal cancer: Evidence population... Of cardiovascular diseases was scarce and inconclusive they are present in several vegetables, mainly in Legumes such as,. Was found at high concentrations of daidzein, genistein and glycitein are transformed into dihydrogenistein and dihydroglycitein respectively. Is a loss of bone density that can cause osteoporosis products in the Systematic Review and meta-analysis,! Of estradiol increased moonlight enhances leaf growth during the New moon and second quarter )... Total of 16 studies were included Y.T., Kreijkamp-Kaspers S., Erdman J.W comparison with non-hormonal...
scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants