The Role and Importance of a Forensic Examiner. What activity is critical to the outcome of document examination, and why is it so important? T/F Digital photography has higher resolution than film photography. Questioned document examination is a forensic science discipline in which documents called into question in the legal system are evaluated by a trained examiner. answer choices. Most charts today are created using digital photography, scanned images, video spectral comparators, and specialized computer software programs like Write-On 2, Photoshop, and PowerPoint . Then it is made to move manually over the specific area (denser). We are engaged in a broad range of QDE cases ranging from homicides to white collar crimes. Imaging instruments such as Video Spectral Comparator (VSC) use radiations of varying wavelengths to disclose writing in a different ink. In one method, known as reflective UV imaging, the wound is flooded with UV light, and the reflected UV image is photographed. Facsimile and Photocopy Machines The Scientific Working Group for Forensic Document Examination (SWGFDE) is another organization that develops standards in the field of forensic document examination. Honeybees, the most commonly known type of bee, are organized social insects. explain the words and phrases used in questioned document examination; LO3. Typical strategies employed when someone is attempting to disguise their handwriting include changing the slope of the writing or lengthening the terminal strokes and adding curves or other embellishments. For a discussion of the technical aspects of the medium . Its the same as stamping paper. d. Contrast, Which lens would be best suited to photographing the details of a small but detailed tool mark found at a crime scene? They do allow an investigator to view the document without adding any additional fingerprints or impressions. Thermal Translucent Ink for Inkjet Printers. This concise new handbook is designed specifically to aid lawyers involved in cases that involve questioned documents (QD) evidence. Documents may be defined broadly as being any material bearing marks, signs or symbols intended to convey a message or meaning to someone. Document forensics is that the field that has emerged to help the interpretation of evidence in court of law, which deals with getting evidence from the questioned documents. Please note, the following information must be used only for educational purposes. UV light provides more detail and contrast to an injured area, including bite marks, than standard lighting techniques. It explains the basics of document examination and helps . We first apply oblique or low angled lighting to the furrows of indented writing. This article is an excerpt from Practical Applications in Forensic Science, authored by Mark Songer, published by Crime Ink Publishing, LLC. They are also called simulated watermarks (sometimes chemical watermarks too). The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) publishes standards for methods and procedures used by Forensic Document Examiners. IR photography. characteristics of handwriting: 1) slant 2) loops 3) pressure 4) speed . When comparing handwriting from collected specimens, however, it is important to collect contemporaneous writing, or material that was written around the same time period as the document in question. Any examination involving typewriting should include an evaluation of the class of typewriter, horizontal spacing, typestyle and make and model, and individual characteristics and defects. An UV bandpass filter mounted on the camera . Your email address will not be published. Research has also found that faxes may undergo significant dimensional changes that can result in changes in size or even distortion, further complicating the investigation of transmitted questioned documents. history of photography, method of recording the image of an object through the action of light, or related radiation, on a light-sensitive material. d. Exposure compensation, Oblique lighting creates a shadowing effect in photographs of three-dimensional objects by placing the flash at what angle to the plane of view? Determining the origin of the ink on a document may be especially useful in helping examiners to detect fraudulent entries or alterations in a document. a. As one of the few destructive techniques employed by forensic investigators, a small piece of the document containing the ink is cut away, dissolved in solvent and analyzed. This process of producing life from unfertilized eggs is known as parthenogenesis. Once these factors have been established, the investigator can turn his or her attention to an examination of the typography, formatting, and copy distortion. Further testing may involve the examination of ultraviolet characteristics and comparisons using instrumental analyses. The investigation is usually initiated in the event that. Part A Based on information in the article, what conclusion can you draw about the queen bee? d. Low aperture, What feature allows most digital cameras to automatically compensate for color temperatures that deviate from white? a. Telephoto lens This includes the forensic examination of handwriting, typewriting, office machine impressions, inks, papers, obliterations, and the recovery of latent handwriting . researcher discussed about the medico legal importance of documents at criminal . Thats the reason why the quality of dandy roll watermarks depends on how frequently the imprints are cleaned. This document contains an unsolicited letter of gratitude from one of Marks many satisfied clients. Use covers or envelopes that are large to hold the document without folding. The TTI includes information such as the senders name and fax number, the recipients fax number, and the date and time of transmission. Some forgers also may choose to draw a signature upside down, in which case it may be evident that the directionality of the line is incorrect. In natural writing, the writer is likely to have a strong fluency of line- meaning the pen will rarely, if ever, leave the paper while writing a single word or signature. Historically, indented writing was identified and deciphered by means of low angle oblique light and photography. These chemicals are very individualistic based on their composition and type of printing process. LO1. When fall arrives, drones are driven out of the hive to die. In this article, forensic document examiner, Mark Songer provides an overview of forensic document examination. Photograph serves as permanent records of questioned document. T/F The higher the f-number, the wider the aperture, and the more light it allows in. Vaurlo in 1959. a. The primary premise of handwriting identification is that no two people write exactly alike, although natural variations occur within the handwriting of each individual. Indented Writing 4. The importance of ink analysis has been noted in case of obliterations for differentiating the ink on basis of its chemical composition; further, the source and also the age of ink which ultimately gives the approximate age of the document providing leads and clues in the investigation process. b. A former FBI Special Agent who was also a Forensic Examiner within the FBIs Questioned Documents Unit spearheads our Questioned Document Examination (QDE) practice. Quick history: They were made by John Marshall in 1826. b. Bracketing Questioned Documents was published in 1910, and a second edition in 1929. They are easy to make but harder to individualize. Traditionally, the flexo chemical watermarking technique was widely used. Handwriting analysis and forensic document examination may also be known as "questioned document examination" (QDE), simply "document examination," "handwriting examination," or "diplomatics.". Watermarks also may be useful to examiners as a means of identifying the type of paper, manufacturer, and date of production. Document examiner uses their experience and skills to determine the authenticity of a document. For example, the examiner determines whether the document was printed in color or black-and-white ink, whether the document was printed with ink or toner, and whether the printing process was impact or non-impact. More probably, the examiner will be able to trace the ink back to the specific type, class, and or brand of ink, and suggest that it is scientifically indistinguishable from the suspected source. a. c. detailed notes can be spoken much faster than they can be written. The notes can be recorded at the crime laboratory instead of at the crime scene. They are created when a pattern, text, or image is printed with opaque, transparent, white, or using varnish-based ink. Which statement about note taking is NOT true? c. Semi-conductors Identity 3. Their concentration and composition determine the extent to which they can create opacity. Melting the polyethylene glycol, by heating the printed paper to 60 C. Melting soaked polymer into paper, resulting in a translucent area. Applications of Questioned Document Examination Document Examiners have a crucial role to play in investigations involving a documentary evidence. Patching occurs when the writer notices an error made in their writing, such as not fully closing a letter or omitting an embellishment characteristic of the original, and corrects these errors after writing the letter or word. Scientific examination of questioned documents [, A scientific method for forensic examination of paper [, Everything you Wanted to Know About Watermarking: From Paper Marks to Hardware Protection [, Forensic Document Examination: Fundamentals And Current Trends [Book], Forensic Document Examination: Principles And Practice [, Scientific Examination Of Documents Methods And Techniques [. Quick history: They were first used in 1848. . a. discuss the different classification of questioned documents; LO4. In the first place, questioned document should be photographed promptly in order that a correct and permanent record maybe made of it and its condition. Her only job is to lay eggs. Document examination plays a very important role in solving civil and criminal cases related with fraud, forgery and counterfeit security documents. The examinations primary purpose is to provide evidence about suspicious or questioned documents using a variety of scientific principles and methods. Questioned documents on issues of materials used in their production. No randomness is seen. 9 1 Sponsored by Harness Security Testing Orchestration Security From Code To Deploy Plus Pipeline Security Governance. b. Macro lens ASTM International is a global leader in the development and delivery of voluntary consensus standards, to improve product quality, enhance health and safety, strengthen market access and trade, and build consumer confidence. Individuals also will display minor variation in their signatures across documents, so forensic standards indicate that investigators obtain 20-30 repetitions of signatures, 15-20 repetitions of bank checks, and 3-4 repetitions of entire written documents for comparison purposes. c. High f-stop It is critical that the document examiner obtain multiple samples of an individuals handwriting for comparison to any questioned document, as natural variations will always be present in a persons handwriting, even within the same document. Therefore, there is major significance in the detection of forged security papers and banknotes. Although structural characteristics are often still evident, subtle details, such as hesitations, pen lifting, and retouching may not be reproduced. Internal weaves are more commonly found in paper and can be viewed with transmitted light. Posted January 16, 2019. The process of creating a scaled drawing using specifically designed computer software, The amount of area in the foreground and background of an in-focus photographic subject that is also relatively in focus, The use of electronic means to capture light and save and image on an electronic medium such as a memory card, The measure of ease with which the silver halide grains of a given film react to light, A type of camera that uses the same lens for viewing and for taking the picture (i.e., the view through the viewfinder or on the LCD monitor shows how the photo will turn out), The setting on a camera that controls the aperture diameter to determine the amount of light transmitted by the lens, a compression method for digital files that decreases the file size without discarding digital data, one million pixels: used to describe a digital camera in terms of sensor resolution, A form that records the details of each photograph taken at a crime scene, The mechanism within a camera that exposes the film or microchip to light for a specific length of time and then closes, The most common methods of crime-scene recording do NOT include which one of the following? d. far from the photographer. Documents may be altered by erasing or obscuring writing, or by changing, extending, or adding text or signatures. Chemical tests are important in the examination of printing inks because they also allow examiners to provide an approximation of when the document was written. Forensic Document Examination helps answer questions whether the note was written by the deceased or someone trying to manipulate investigators? This problem is commonly seen in traditional watermarks, but much more common in a dandy roll. A side-by-side comparison can then be conducted with the questioned impression, and conclusions as to the source of the impression may be made. Font and line spacing should be examined, as discrepancies may be subtle but indicative of an alteration or addition to the original document. Preliminary investigations of questioned paper documents involve testing the color, thickness, weight, weave pattern, and fiber analysis in order to determine the source of the paper. b. It is important to note that there is overlap between forensic document examiners and handwriting analysts, though some experts choose . Specific group of people who uses paid subscription or organization. Questioned document examinations involving facsimile (fax) machines often include questions around the authenticity of a reproduced signature, concerns around whether information has been altered, added, or deleted from a document, or questions about exactly when a fax was transmitted. Both handwriting and signatures can be simulated or traced; however, the latter is more common. Members of the Questioned Documents Section objectively examine and evaluate documents in order to provide information regarding their source or authenticity. foster+freeman systems can be found in airports, border crossings, immigration controls, banks and forensic laboratories worldwide. For example, an infrared light filter, combined with other light sources, causes ink that has faded over the years to be enhanced and therefore legible. Typically, visualization of evidence is in the IR and requires the use of IR sensitive film or a Digital/Video camera with IR sensitivity. Although there are no specific college majors or degrees in forensic examination, scientific training is encouraged and continuing education courses are required to remain in good standing with the aforementioned boards. Difficulty/different shade in writing ink pens, pencils, typing, and print over the chemical watermark. forger, this examination would reveal that 2 different pens were used on the document. They are different in the sense that they are only visible on one side of the paper printed side when viewed with an angle. Promote self-regulation, documentation, training, continuing education, and research (ibid). These accrediting programs ensure that forensic laboratories meet established quality standards, and employ expert forensic investigators. b. Remember: Dyne is a metric to measure the surface tension (dynes/cm). Evidence might include alterations, the chain of possession, damage to the document, forgery, origin, authenticity, or other questions that . Questioned Documents. Consolidate and enhance the profession of forensic document examination. The ACE-V methodology is one such way of organizing and evaluating data for the purposes of scientific classification and comparison. Using this technique, indented impressions have been recovered from up to seven layers of paper beneath the original writings. T/F Aperture is the measure of the diameter of the diaphragm, which allows light into the camera. They may also result in roughened or disturbed paper fibers and impressions of the original writing, and ink written over erased areas tends to bleed slightly and spread. Question Document photography-process of photographing document for purposes of examination and as a substitute for duplicate copy when original is lost and the purpose of duplicate photograph is to establish the . 1 Craig Coppock, Universal Definition of ACE-V Updated, 6-19-2012. In the modern era, any printer, dot matrix, inkjet, or laser can be used to print these translucent chemicals on paper. Know More. Think of three adjectives that you would use to describe the people in the photograph. On the other hand, watermarks made during the manufacturing process produce very light and diffuse marking that isnt visible unless you see through a brighter background. Chapter 3 -Crime Scene Photography-What's new, frans - parties du corps et la sante (SYNONYM), Chapter 1 Quiz CJ 1350 Intro to Forensics, Chapter 20 Terrorism and Homeland Security, Chapter 18 Drug-Related and Organized Crime, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, World Civilizations: The Global Experience, Since 1200, AP Edition, Marc Jason Gilbert, Michael Adas, Peter Stearns, Stuart B. Schwartz. a. In addition, the students will be enlightened about the veracity of the document examination, its application in case solving. Required fields are marked *. Low shutter speed around for many decades, especially when people and courts have. . Next, it should be established whether the questioned document is an original or a reproduction, and whether there were multiple printing methods involved in the creation of the document (e.g., a printed document that was then photocopied and/or faxed). Some of the eggs the queen lays are unfertilized. Albert Sherman Osborn is considered the father of the science of questioned document examination in North America.. His seminal book Questioned Documents was first published in 1910 and later heavily revised as a second edition in 1929. As compared to a freehand copy, tracing a signature often results in a very close approximation of the original; in fact, they may provide a more exact copy of a signature than would normally be found due to natural variations in handwriting. Frequently, writers attempting to disguise their handwriting will change from all uppercase to all lowercase. A. Scanner: Capture detail with a specific resolution. Handwriting Comparisons 2. These are: As the name said, these manufacturers are made during the manufacturing process. Answer (1 of 3): Because documents are the main evidence in many cases. Regardless if a scene has been videotaped, still photographs are a must at every crime scene. Given the poor quality of faxes in general, they are subject to alteration, however, so careful scrutiny should be applied to any discrepancies in pixilation across the document, as well as any variations in handwriting or print type, spelling, punctuation or formatting. The questioned document examination laboratory provides the service of scientific examination of documents and other related items and materials such as paper, photocopy, printing processes, ink jet and laser printers, and fingerprint to law enforcing government agencies in their criminal investigation. Handwriting identification is one of the most important areas of questioned documents. An individual attempting free-handed simulation of writing strives for both accuracy of shape and proportion, and fluency of line; however, it is nearly impossible to achieve both. Watermarks made during the manufacturing process tend to differ microscopically with each press of pattern on sheets. c. Everyone involved in the case Note taking is done after all crime-scene processing has been completed. Some fax machines also allow the user to reprogram certain formatting characteristics, which may make it more difficult to accurately discern the make and model of the source machine. And, the extent of pressure applied to the design area adds more depth to watermarks. In simulated writing, however, the pen may be lifted more frequently from the page, as it is easier to achieve an accurate shape and proportion with a shorter line. The lower right picture depicts the . Conversely, there is also a light watermark that has less density of fiber in the design area, results in light and a more translucent watermark. More recently, an instrument known as an Electrostatic Detection Apparatus, or ESDA, is used to produce a visual image of the indented writing on transparency film. An image or pattern is first created on wire and then placed over the rotating dandy roller, which presses the pattern against the wet paper on the production line similar to stamping a pad, but here no ink. Resolution The advantages of recording crime-scene notes on an audio-recording device include all of the following EXCEPT: Questioned document examiner identify the source of typewriting or other impression, marks, or relative evidence, and, 3. prove indications of genuineness and falsification of documents; LO5. Charge coupled devices More clearer and detailing is seen in cylinder moulding watermarks. When page substitution is suspected, the date of writing or printing also should be evaluated, as chronological inconsistencies can be useful in discrediting questioned documents. d. the notes are recorded as the observations are made. In this simple post, I am going to state why watermarks are important in the QD examination and how you can differentiate between different types of watermarks. Mark, I can, In this article, Forensic Document Examiner, Mark Songer provides an overview of the cases where forensic document examination can be applied, the techniques and technologies used, and standards that, In this article, forensic document examiner, Mark Songer provides an overview of forensic document examination. These identifying characteristics do not always offer definitive proof that a document has been altered or tampered with, but in some cases may show conclusively that a document is not authentic. The queen bee is a fully developed female. Gun Shot Residues/Explosive Residues There are several different types of residues found both in ammunition and explosives, In printers, they are measured by applying wetting tension liquids to paper in order to analyze print-ability, coating lay down, and heat sealability of treated films. Another valued method used by forensic experts is called Video Spectral Analysis (or Comparator). 2. Questioned documents on issues of their age or date. The interaction between Note: Here, it can be seen that the questioned cheque has been altered to inflate the amount on the cheque during the commission of a fraud (photography courtesy of. As the Lindbergh baby trial proved, testimony offered by document examiners in court can be used to strengthen a case, and it could even be a deciding factor for your situation. Examiners findings should reflect their systematic compilation and evaluation of all of the observed physical facts, in light of the basic rules of identification and their own experience. The word, derived from the Greek photos ("light") and graphein ("to draw"), was first used in the 1830s. a. Forensic document examinations should be conducted by a Forensic Document Examiner (FDE or Document Examiner). Less than 45 percent Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Questioned document, Likely, Known; questioned and more. Worker bees. b. Type of Watermarks Based on Their Appearance: Forensic Signification of Watermarks: Identification and Individualization, A. Forensic Significance of Physically Manufactured Watermarks, B. Forensic Significance of Chemical Watermarks, C. Forensic Significance of Artificial Watermarks, D. Forensic Significance of Digital Watermarks, estimate date of paper manufacturing using watermarks, Patch watermarks (because a mark patch sewed over rolls).
importance of photography in questioned document examination