the worst was the 1934 earthquake in which more than 10,000 people lost their lives, followed . Nature 136, 485486 (1935). Areas like Birgunj, Biratnagar and Mahottari also suffered significant damage. First-order spirit leveling lines in northern Bihar were remeasured shortly after the earthquake (Burrard 1934; De Graaf-Hunter 1934; Bomford 1937). Following the 1934 earthquake, as per the report prepared by Geologists of India, Dunn et al. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Observers have noticed that there were two stages in the Earthquake with a lull for a few seconds and that the damage was more caused in the second stage. Using the above reasoning we constrain the 1934 western edge of the Nepal rupture to 85.5 +/- 0.2 degrees East and its western edge to 87.0 +/- 0.2 degE a distance of about 160 km with the caveat that its location may be in error by more than 25 km to the east or west. With a magnitude of about 8.1 to 8.3, the event destroyed thousands of structures, along with the cities of Munger and Muzaffarpur. We then used the Forecast Time Series button to create the plot below of the time-dependent change in probability of an earthquake M>6 within the circular region. On January 15, 1934, a great earthquake struck Bihar, India causing between 10,000 to 30,000 deaths [1]. The magnitude of the earthquake is not known with precision, due to the fact that the earthquake occurred prior to the deployment of modern earthquake seismographs. Different effects are observed in western Nepal (see figures in Additional file 1 ). The 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake had a magnitude of 8.1 and caused 12,000 deaths in Nepal and India combined. Sun 26 Apr 2015 04.56 EDT. Sci. Kumar, S., Wesnousky, S. G., Jayangondaperumal, R., Nakata, T., Kumahara, Y., & Singh, V. (2010). Bihar Earthquake, 1934. Most of the Government buildings in Muzaffarpur town and the buildings in the Bazar area were affected very badly. Lave, J., Yule, D., Sapkota, S. N., Basant, K., Madden, C., Attal, M., & Pandey, R. (2005). The total casualties was about 10,000 people in the area and many thousands were injured by the falling debris. India Geol. 117, S2, 773-782. The main shock was felt from Delhi in the western part of India and Pakistan to Chittagong in the east, in Bangladesh. Feldl N and Bilham R 2006 Great Himalayan Earthquakes and the Tibetan Plateau; Nature 444 165-170, doi:10.1038/nature05199. The intensity of ground shaking depends on the duration, local geology, and distance. Sci. Bomford, G. (1937). There was a serious earthquake in Bihar in 1934, the devastating effects of which GTG captured by photograph in great detail. January 1934 earthquake in India andNepal. listrik dan panas, serta mempunyai titik cair tinggi. Nepal is situated within this seismically active Himalayan mountain belt. 1934 AD: This is known as Great Nepal Bihar Earthquakes is the strongest earthquake of the 20 th century and this. Superintendent, Government Printing, Bihar and Orissa, Patna, 1935. Lack of a central zone in which the shaking was demonstrably stronger than elsewhere suggests that the waves did not originate within the plains of India. The earthquake had removed many antiquated buildings and was directly responsible for the construction of numerous modern buildings, roads and bridges in which cement, steel and reinforced concrete played an important role. Geophysical Research Letters, 45, 26522658. On April 25, 2015, a 7.8 magnitude earthquake (and the subsequent 7.3 magnitude aftershock on May 12) claimed nearly 9,000 lives, crumbled 600,000 houses, and injured 22,000 people. In H. J. Couchman (Ed. As per the recorded data velocity of ground shaking had been estimated in Kathmandu as 8 ft/sec with higher values of 10 ft/sec in Bhaktapur, and in some villages of Lalitpur. [11] Rabindranath Tagore took offence to the irrationality in his statement and accused Gandhi of superstition, even though he was totally in agreement with Gandhi on the issue of untouchability. R, Brahmaamera Jagabahdra, and Kesar Lall. [6], In Muzaffarpur, sand fissures erupted at several places in town. [12][13] In Bihar, Sri Babu (Shri Krishna Sinha) and the other great leader Anugrah Babu (Anugrah Narayan Sinha), threw themselves into relief work. Primary surface ruptures of the great himalayan earthquakes in 1934 and 1255. Soc. the Kinnaur earthquake (1975), Dharam . The Great Earthquake in Nepal (1934 A.D.). The new specifications promulgated by the Government laying stress on the use of horizontal reinforced concrete of R.B. Seismological Research Letters, XX, 19. He wrote that the Bihar earthquake was providential retribution for India's failure to eradicate untouchability. Maharashtra earthquake, 1993. Kathmandu valley was severely damaged in that earthquake. Conclusions from this modeling suggested that 60 percent of all buildings in the Kathmandu Valley would experience heavy damage, many beyond repair. Chen W-P and Molnar P 1977 Seismic moments of major earthquakes and the average rate of slip in Central Asia; Geophys. 1442-1444. In Bhagalpur district many buildings collapsed. Explaining the 1934 Bihar-Nepal Earthquake: The Role of Science, Astrology, and Rumours. Great pending himalaya earthquakes. The number of deaths was This 8.0 magnitude earthquake occurred on 15 January 1934 at around 2:13pm IST (08:43 UTC) and caused widespread damage in northern Bihar and in Nepal. India, 73. Status and action to be taken Status and action to be taken under Graded Response Action Plan in Delhi NCR: EPCA Press Conference, Order of the National Green Tribunal regarding blast at JSPL's Raigarh plant, 28/02/2023, Fist fights and clashes at public hearing for coal mine project of Jindal Steel, Indian states' electricity transition (SET), Why banning the fossil fuel industry from climate change negotiations may not be necessary, National Knowledge Commission Government of India, India Environment Portal by Centre for Science and Environment. Most of the buildings in Muzzafarpur were damaged. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9554-z, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. *Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc., or its affiliates. [9][10], Mahatma Gandhi visited the Bihar state. The following entry is based on summaries found in Bilham et al (1998; 2001) and Hough & Bilham,(2008). Tilting and slumping of the houses were entirely absent. GeoPlanet: Earth and Planetary Sciences. Publ. In the light of the increased population today, compared with 1934, the death toll would likely be 22,000 and the number of injured 25,000. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 494, 216225. Paleoseismic evidence of a giant medieval earthquake in the eastern himalaya. Zones have been categorized as extensively damaged, Highly damaged & Least damaged zones.) The estimated economic loss due to this quake is placed at around Rs.22,000 Crores. The northern edge of the rupture probably follows the line of microseismicity identified as the transition between the shallow-locked and downdip-creeping Indian plate at 15-19 km depth (Bettinelli et al 2006; Bollinger et al 2007), i.e. Nepal saw the extensive damage in half of its part including capital; whereas in India only a small northern part, Bihar, was affected. doi:10.1007/s00190- 006-0030-3. An outbreak of fire and spilling of hazardous chemicals. The first was its basic . Himalayan earthquakes: A review of historical seismicity and early 21st century slip potential. Avalanches onMount Everest This earthquake caused manyavalanches on Mount Everest. - 1st January, 1930". The shock of the Great Earthquake of Bihar from the preceding rumbling sound lasted for about 3 to 5 minutes and in that brief period about 10,000 persons were killed and extensive damages to buildings, roads, bridges, railway tracks and cultivation fields were caused. (1981). Top 5 Most Violent States to Live in The US, The US Armys 5 Disastrous Wartime Decisions, 6 of the Most Powerful Revolutions in History, 6 Times We Have Avoided All Out Nuclear War, Devastating Political Assassinations That Changed History, The Story Behind The U2 Spy Plane And All Its Consequences May, 1, 1960, Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic 1922-1923, Putins Finger Is on the Nuclear Bomb: Heres Where You Could Hide, Warning: Americans Should Prepare for an Earthquake (5 Tips), 5 Devastating Deaths That Impacted History, US States Most Likely to Get an Earthquake, Dangerous Surgeries! Geol. Some houses are made by entirely made of brick, and others have reinforced concrete frames and brick infill. Bashyal, R. P. (1998). Brett (1935) reported 7253 deaths in Bihar.After the earthquake John Auden (brother of the poet laureat W.H. Theres never any convenient time for any. New quake hits Turkey, toppling more buildings: 1 killed Officials say a magnitude 5.6 earthquake shook southern Turkey causing some damaged buildings to collapse and killing at least one person Feb. 25, 2023, 9:00 AM ET (AP) Turkey launches investigation into 612 people after quake 4. Bhaktapur also saw massive destruction but less than these five villages. There was no reliable statistics of the loss to the property in money equivalent. 73 1-391. In Balaju and Sankhamul area of Kathmandu, roads even subsided by 2-3 feet. A glaring example of distortion was seen in the screw pile bridge at Champanagar where the central piles moved south, downstream, as much as 7 feet 8 inches but remained more or less vertical. Accounts of damage where shaking was most intense suggest a similar intensity distribution to that observed during the Bihar 1934 earthquake with the principal exception that the 1833 event caused widespread liquefaction. To obtain Glorious Sacrifices of Bihar during Quit India Movement 1942 : In Numbers. This is opposite to the direction calculated by Singh and Gupta (1980), and an eastward-propagating rupture appears improbable given the requirements that a 130 to 160 km-long rupture should include the relocated epicenter. Publ. ", "Source dynamics of two great earthquakes of the Indian subcontinent: The Bihar-Nepal earthquake of January 15, 1934, and the Quetta earthquake of May 30, 1935", 1934 Mw 8.1 Bihar/Nepal earthquake 15 January 1934, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1934_NepalIndia_earthquake&oldid=1133023739, All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 11 January 2023, at 22:58. The earthquake damage observations indicate that the majority of the damaged buildings were stone/brick masonry structures with no seismic detailing, whereas the most of RC buildings were undamaged. [9], The number of deaths was 10,70012,000[4][2] with 7,253 recorded in Bihar. (2017b). 34 L08304, doi:10.1029/2006GL029192. 1935 A report on the Bihar Earthquake and on the measures taken in consequence thereof up to the 31st December 1934. , Relief Commissioner, Bihar and Orissa. Leveling in Bengal and Bihar, 9397. The clock in the tower of the Secretariat stopped at 2.16 p.m. In: Survey of India Geodetic Report 1936, (eds). Bilham, R., Gaur, V. K. and Molnar, P., Science, 2001, 293, The buildings along the riverfront in Patna or Bhagalpur suffered very badly. (Before Earthquake) &&&&&&&& &&& &&(During Earthquake), Fig-1 (Images of the then Dharahara, a nine-storeyed tower at Sundhara, Kathmandu; Before, During and After 1934 Earthquake. excessive rain during the earthquakes cause damage to the bridges. The southern edge reached the frontal thrusts near 86 deg east (Sapkota et al 2011). the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Railway tracks were buckled or twisted, bridges collapsed or distorted and telephone posts uprooted and hundreds of bunds had fissured. Mitigation Measures for Earthquakes in India The Postal Savings Bank showed an appreciable increase in the deposits. Location and magnitude of the 1833 Nepal earthquake and its relation to the rupture zones of contiguous great Himalayan earthquakes. Bettinelli P, Avouac J-P, Flouzat M, Jouanne F, Bollinger L, Willis P and Chitrakar G R 2006 Plate motion of India and interseismic strain in the Nepal Himalaya from GPS and DORIS measurements; J. Geod. It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. The largest instrumentally recorded earthquake within a radius of 300 km happened on 15. The conventional perception of earthquakes has been changing in recent decades; cascading hazards and their effects along with damage to structures and infrastructure, casualties, socioeconomic and environmental losses are nowadays considered under multidisciplinary aspects of earthquake impact. Kumar, S., Wesnousky, S. G., Rockwell, T. K., Ragona, D., Thakur, V. C., & Seitz, G. G. (2001). [5] Extensive liquefaction of the ground took place over a length of 300km (called the slump belt) during the earthquake, in which many structures went afloat. Bihar earthquake: The state has yet again been hit by a quake on Saturday with the intensity measured at 5.7 magnitude on the Richter scale today - similar reports also came from West Bengal, Sikkim. Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, 119(9), 71237163. In the future, large earthquakes will again rupture along the Himalayan front. Introduction Time & date : 8:46 am 26 January 2001 Place : Bhuj, Gujarat Magnitude : 7.9 Intensity : X Epicenter : 23.419N 70.232E Focal length : 23 kms Season : Winter Damages : Over 18,600 persons are dead and over 167,000 injured. The buildings of Darbhanga Raj, including the famous Navlakha Palace, were severely damaged. Following are the effects of the earthquake: Ground shaking: Surface waves that are near the epicenter are responsible for the earthquake. Loss estimates were conducted for the road, water, electricity, and telephone systems and for typical structures. Damage there was generally less widespread, with fewer deaths recorded. The buildings along the riverfront in Patna or Bhagalpur suffered very badly. Nepal Earth Planetary Sciences Letters, 457, 366375. Journal of Nepal Geological Society, 18, 1924. 5. Shortly after the Bihar Earthquake of 1934, the social workers under a mistaken idea started constructing a bandh across an innumerable waterways blocking the roads and railways, culverts and drainage channels. Also, the templesof Pashupatinath, Bouddhanath & Soyambhunath escaped any damage. [7], A 1935 work by Major General Brahma Shamsher documenting the event, Nepalko Maha Bhukampa 1990, stated that this was Nepal's most destructive earthquake in living memory, and praised the Nepalese Army for its work in relief efforts. Kangra (1905) and Bihar (1934). Tectonophysics, 453, 6373. The Historic Nepal - Bihar earthquake measuring M 8.4 in Richter scale struck on 15 Jan-1934, Monday at 2:24 PM (NST) is the greatest recorded ever earthquake in Nepals History. The M6.5 earthquakes affected mostly the far western portion of Nepal mainly Baitadhi, Bajhang and Darchula. Petroleum exploration in Nepal. Before pursuing his research and masters in modern Indian History from JNU, he was an electrical engineering student at AMU. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. According to the National Centre for Seismology, the tremors measured 3.5 on the Richter scale and were felt around 9.23 pm. It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. Surv. In 2016, floods affected over 2.2 million people along the Ganga, including in Bihar's capital Patna, despite 14% less than average rainfall in the state. Revolutions happen, The two atomic bombings from Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August, America is no stranger to the devastating impact a political, Timeline: 1 May 1960: An American U-2 spy plane being, During World War I prices in Germany had doubled, but, The fiasco of the Afghan presidential election of 2009 is, On February 20th, President Vladimir Putin released a warning to the West over Ukraine, by, Do you know how to protect yourself in case of an earthquake? In Purnea the cast iron piles of a bridge between the civil lines and the railway station were broken. Bollinger, L., Sapkota, S. N., Tapponnier, P., Klinger, Y., Rizza, M., Van Der Woerd, J., Tiwari, D. R., Pandey, R., Bitri, A., & Bes de Berc, S. (2014). The 7.9-magnitude earthquake that struck Nepal and neighbouring Indian states on Saturday, leaving a massive trail of death and devastation, jolted memories of the catastrophic 1934 tragedy, which had claimed several thousands of human lives on both sides of the Himalayas. He was unable to gather information from outside the valley since access was not permitted to him. The clock in the tower of the Secretariat stopped at 2.16 p.m. An M6.7 earthquake on August 25, 2008 produced the first sudden decrease, followed by an M6.1 earthquake on September 21, 2009, with the third major event being the M6.9 event on September 18, 2011. Seismic instruments of that period were adequate to measure the magnitudes and properties of earthquakes smaller than magnitude 6 or so, but were not sensitive to the longer wavelengths and periods of great earthquakes such as the Bihar event. The earthquake took place on January 15 around two o'clock in the afternoon and cause widespread damage. Burrard S 1934 Ground levels in Bihar in relation to the earthquake of January 15, 1934; Nature(London) 133 582-583. Google Scholar. The 2023 quake may end his rule. (Following is a reproduction of the account written by P.C Roy Choudhury). Minimum rupture length had been estimated as 100 Km. Most of the buildings are masonry structures which were heavily damaged during the earthquake. The wells were choked with sand, while water levels in tanks became shallower due to sand deposited in the tank beds. The 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake had a magnitude of 8.1 and caused 12,000 deaths in Nepal and India combined. India As of 27 April 2015 at 4:14 p.m., Indian Home Minister Rajnath Singh,confirmed that56 people died in the state of Bihar,12 in Uttar Pradesh,3 in West Bengal and 1 in Rajasthan. Brett,W.B. Journal of Earth System Science. done in Zurich after a mining disaster in 1906 and an earthquake in Messina, Italy in 1908 (Stierlin, 1909 and 1911). were researched. On Monday the 15th January 1934 Calcutta experienced an earthquake shock of fair intensity which lasted for over three minutes. Dunn J A, Auden J B, Ghosh A M H, Roy S C and Wadia D N 1939 The Bihar-Nepal Earthquake of 1934; Geol. Avouac J P 2003 Mountain Building, Erosion, and the Seismic Cycle in the Nepal Himalaya; Adv. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D. K., Pierce, I. K., Reddy, T., Angster, S., & Giri, B. Required fields are marked *. Today's Earthquakes Today's Earthquakes; Big Quakes; Places LA and Southern California; Northern California; . Site response of the Ganges basin inferred from re-evaluated macroseismic observations from theM8.1 Shillong 1897, M7.8 Kangra 1905 and 1934Nepal M 8.1 earthquakes. Active strike-slip faults and an outer frontal thrust in the Himalayan foreland basin. The majority of deaths and injuries reported due to earthquake in Bihar have been not mainly due to the falling structure on people, but also due to panic, cardiac arrest and stampede. Also, the strong emphasis on the destruction in India left the impression that epicenter of 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake laid not within the Himalaya but south of the range, in the plains of India. Most of the Government buildings in Laheriasarai town had collapsed. Bomford G 1937 Leveling in Bengal and Bihar 93-97. About two hundred million years ago an ocean separated India from the rest of Eurasia. Just after the avalanche, about 200 people were left stranded on the mountain as help couldn't reach them due to the risky condition of the mountain. In Kathmandu around 25% of all houses were destroyed just like several temples in the old town of Bhaktapur But the study of distribution and the various causes of damage showed that if faults ruptured in northern India, then the locations of such faults are not verified by the distribution of intensity observed. Extensive damage was caused to life and property. Active faulting south of the himalayan front: Establishing a new plate boundary. Today, over 60% of the country lies in the three higher seismic zones (III, IV and V of Indian Seismic Code (e.g. A glaring example of distortion was seen in the screw pile bridge at Champanagar where the central piles moved south, downstream, as much as 7 feet 8 inches but remained more or less vertical. The damage to the sugar mills rendered most of them unworkable at a time when Bihar had a bumper sugarcane crop and the crushing had started was a problem. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D., & Neupane, P. C. (2019). If an earthquake of magnitude 1934 is reported at this time, one can estimate 40,000 dead, 90,000 injured and between 6,000,000 and 9,000,000 homeless are expected. Landslides and Avalanches Earthquake in hilly and mountain areas may cause landslides and avalanches Fire hazards The area marked with double arrow between these earthquakes is the Central Seismic Gap. Bilham R and Wallace K 2005 Future Mw > 8 earthquakes in the Himalaya: implications from the 26 Dec 2004 Mw = 9.0 earthquake on Indias eastern plate margin; Geol. Marcussen, E. (2017). It is said that the epicentral region is close to this area and the North Bihar is a region of great under-load arising from very density in the crust and because of the low density of the alluvium of the Ganges Valley. Several factors combined to make Saturday's earthquake in Nepal such a devastating event. Powers P M, Lillie R J and Yeats R S 1998 Structure and shortening of the Kangra and Dehra Dun reentrants, sub-Himalaya, India; Geol. Nepal Ko Maha Bhukampa (The Great Earthquake of Nepal) (pp. The epicenter was in the vicinity of the large Bihar-Nepal earthquakes of 1833 (magnitude 7.0-7.5) and 1934 (magnitude 8.4). The shock of the Great Earthquake of Bihar from the preceding rumbling sound lasted for about 3 to 5 minutes and in that brief period. Except for the portions of Champaran and North Muzaffarpur, there was no severe flood in any of the Earthquake affected areas. Estimating the return times of great Himalayan earthquakes in eastern Nepal: evidence from the Patu and Bardibas strands of the main frontal thrust. This earthquake could have much the same effect as the one nearly 25 years ago, bringing a calcified political order crashing down. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D., Pierce, I. K., Karki, A., & Gautam, D. (2017a). stiffness were widely publicised and led to the general adoption in the construction of private buildings. In Purnea the cast iron piles of a bridge between the civil lines and the railway station were broken. Res. [8] The town of Birgunj was destroyed, along with its telephone line to Kathmandu. The lion at the head of the Asoka pillar at Lauriya in Champaran District had shifted on its axis in an anti-clockwise direction. 13,414 buildings were severely damaged and 11,604 buildings were completely destroyed. Bilham, R. (1995). Copyright 2023 Devastating Disasters.com | Powered by, Bihar Earthquake India January 15, 1934. This is not an exception. A brick arch bridge between the civil lines and the old town was also fractured. Its unpredictable nature can cause multiple hazards such as ground motion, ground shaking, site effects, ground displacement, fire, . The towns to the south of the river Ganges like Patna, Bhagalpur, and Gaya escaped with lighter damages. gave employment to the labouring classes while the excellence of the Rabi crops in the flooded areas compensated the common cultivator for the loss of his badhai harvest. 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